Artificial eye and method of making



April 20, 1954 E. D. CLARKE 2,675,561

ARTIFICIAL EYE AND METHOD OF MAKING Filed March 28, 1947 2 Sheets-Sheet 1 IN VEN TOR.

April 20, 1954 E. D. CLARKE 2,675,561

ARTIFICIAL EYE AND METHOD OF MAKING Filed March 28, 1947 2 Sheets-Sheet 2 Patented Apr. 20, 1 954 UNITED STATES PATENT OFFICE 11 Claims.

The present invention pertains to artificial eyes and the art of producing the same fromstandardized parts, whereby the artificial eyes can be made on a production basis, thus lowering the cost thereof and at the same time enabling forming the eyes of such parts assembled to provide a more personalized article of this kind for true matching with remaining human eyes.

A primary object of the invention is to cut down to a minimum the amount of parts to be carried in stock, to be used subsequently in assembling and fitting them together, whereby the same sclera shape can be used either for a right or left eye, thus providing practically a universal sclera member which may be used selectively with large or small iris members in obtaining a final artificial eye.

Another object of this invention is to provide an artificial eye that is capable of moving in I harmony with a remaining natural eye made'up in standardized sizes requiring only slight adjustments or alterations, and one which at the same time may be readily removed for cleaning the eye socket. easily replaceable by the user, without resorting to surgical operation.

Another object of this invention is to provide novel means and a novel method of aligning the artificial eye with the natural eye, either as a set eye or as a movable eye.

Another object of this invention is to. provide detachable sectional artificial eye units so as to facilitate color matching of the sclera and iris members placed in the natural eye socket, and

which members may be interchanged at will until true matching parts are obtained, after which they may be permanently united and placed in the natural eye socket.

Another object of this invention is to provide iris material of a compatible plastic capable of cohesion with the cornea plastic, rather than the pigment cells and muscle fibers of the iris" are in different planes, as inthe natural eye,

Also my artificial eye will be thus eliminating the blank effect or appearance so common in artificial eyes.

Another object of this invention is to provide a pupil member of a form with concentric step backs, extending under the translucent iris, whereby optical illusions will be caused, simulating the natural eye, e. g., as the pupil dilates the iris will contract with concentric depth of iris color about the enlarging pupil, in concentric steps, all simultaneously, as light is reduced or distance increased.

My invention further contemplates the use of molded parts made from thermoplastics such as acrylic resin or polystyrene, due to their sparkling transparency and broad range of color, high dimensional stability, light weight, resistance to acids, alkalis, and many solvents, negligible absorption of moisture. Also, if markings are indented, imprinted, or embossed into the surface of the artificial parts, it is possible to apply pigment or color in the indents, etc., so that they will stand out from a colored background.

My invention comprises additionallyother detail features, the purposes of which will appear more fully in the following detail description, and which are disclosed in the accompanying drawings in an exaggerated or'enlarged manner so that the structural characteristics may be more readily evident.

In the drawings:

Figure 1 is a front elevation of a completed left artificial eye according to my invention.

Figure 2 is a rear view of the eye structure of Figurel, showing the muscle engaging arms.

Figure 815 a vertical sectional View of the eye structure as shown in Figures 1 and 2, taken about on line 33 of said figures.

Figure 4 is a front view of the universal'sclera member in its condition to receive the iris" and pupil member, such as shown in Figure 6, to be" mounted on the universal sclera member shownin Figures 4 and- 5, in the manner shown in Figures 7 and 8, for aligning said members with the natural eye as shown in Figures 7 and 8.

Figure 7 is afront view of theuniversal sclera member with the iris and pupil member shown 3 in Figure 6, movably mounted thereon, for aligning the left eye, dotted lines showing how the iris and pupil unit can be moved to slide into proper alignment and how the outlined proper position of the iris and pupil can be marked on the universal sclera member for final setting.

Figure 8 is a vertical sectional view of the Figure '7 arrangement.

Figure 9 is a vertical sectional view of the sclera member of Figure 8, with the front portion removed (as by grinding or cutting off), to receive the preferred iris and pupil member, which is of the form shown in Figure 10.

Figure 10 is an enlarged vertical sectional view of my preferred form' of iris and pupil member.

Figure 10A is an exploded View of the parts shown in Figure 10.

Figure 11 is an enlarged sectional view of the cornea, iris, and pupil unit taken on the line II II of Figure 10A, looking forwardly, before iris coloring material has been applied, showing the radial depressions to carry extra thickness of iris color.

Figure 12 is a front view of the pupil unit taken on the line I 2I2 of Figure 10A, looking rearwardly, and before iris coloring material has been applied, showing the concentric setbacks of the opaque pupil.

Referring particularly to Figures 4, 5, 6, '7, and 8 of my drawings, a complete artificial left eye is shown made in accordance with one of the methods that may be pursued in the practice of my invention.

This particular construction of artificial eye comprises a hollow rounded partial ball-like structure consisting of the sclera member I which is substantially a continuous molding of an offwhite thermoplastic material on the outer surface of which are formed vein lines 2, see Figure 4, said lines being suitably colored for eye matching purposes, and said member I being covered with a transparent thermoplastic layer 3 on the outer rounded surface thereof. The member l3 will be hereinafter called or occasionally referred to as a universal sclera memher, the outer layer portion 3 really being a cornea-like surface for giving a naturalistic effect when the eye is viewed in place in the eye socket of the person who uses the same.

On the inner or hollow surface portion of the sclera member I, and radially disposed generally in relation to the center axis of said member I, are provided the muscle engaging arm 5. The sclera member made in accordance with the foregoing description is adapted to receive on its outer rounded surface an iris and pupil member 5 of the form illustrated in Figure 6. This iris and pupil member 5 is made up largely of a transparent, thermoplastic material for the outer portion thereof designated 6 and really constituting a cornea member in simulation of the cornea of the eye, said body 6 being largely of concaveconvex form in cross section. To provide the iris and pupil parts of the member 5 I provide a central dot section 7, so to speak, which is surrounded by the larger iris area produced by a suitable colored pigment, blue, brown, or a combination of colors that will represent the natural iris coloring. The iris portion is designated at 8 and of course surrounds the circular central pupil portion 7, the latter being black.

Now having in mind the construction of the universal sclera member I3 of Figure 5 and the unit member illustrated in Figure 6, it is .4 notable that the iris and pupil member 5 must be located eccentrically in relation to the outside surface of the sclera member I-3.

By reason of the form of the so-called universal sclera member I with the vein lines 2 as above described, shown in Figure 4 in the position in which it will be used for a left eye, it will be apparent that by turning this sclera member I one-half turn, it will be available for use similarly for a right eye. I mention the foregoing because in the natural human eye the two eyes toe in, or in other words, the iris and pupil are disposed slightly toward the nasal side. Therefore, the vein lines 2 are made shorter on the nasal side, for obvious reasons.

Referring now to Figures 6 to 8 inclusive, I will describe the use of the parts illustrated primarily in Figures 4, 5, and 6 in one method of fitting and assembling an artificial eye, included in the present invention.

A suitable size and suitably colored universal sclera member I, as shown in Figures 4 and 5, is selected from the available stock. The said member is now fitted in the socket of a right or left eye of the person to use the same, being turned in the proper direction, of course for such purpose of fitting the appropriate eye. In the fitting operation the stumps of the muscles of the lost eye are suitably calipered with an appropriate instrument for the purpose, and the muscle engaging arms lmay be heated and bent inwardly as shown in dotted lines of Figures 8 and 9, or bent outwardly as may be necessary, and cut off to proper length so that they will properly fit the stump portions of the ingrown eye muscles. It is desired in the above manner of course to interlock the arms 5 with the muscle portion of the eye socket in which the artificial eye is being fitted. After the sclera member I cools off, of course, the arms l will remain in their adjusted positions obtained by the fitting operation. The sclera member I is now ready for insertion into the eye socket, and if it is not found to properly fit the latter, it may be removed and altered to suit the requirements, since the plastic material from which it is made may be reheated and bent many times without damage thereto. It is possible that no alteration has to be made in the body formation of the sclera member I, and in that case the remolding or forming action on the sclera member will not have to be performed. Th single requirement under such conditions i to obtain a sclera member of the proper size and proper color matching to go with the remaining natural eye of the user.

The next step in the method of fitting and matching to obtain the final artificial ey for use will be now described. It will be assumed that the universal sclera member I has been suitably mounted on the stump of the muscles in the eye socket, and it is ready for a proper size and color iris and pupil member 5 such as shown in Figure 6 to be mounted thereon. By a selecting process one of the members 5 will be used, the same being applied by contacting its rear concave surface having the iris and pupil coloring applied thereto, with the outer round surface of the universal sclera member I, somewhat in the mannerillustrated in Figures 7 and 8. A weak adhesive will preferably be applied to the back or concave surface of the member 5 so that it can be movably mounted on the sclera member at the outer cornea surface 3 of the latter as shown in Figure "7, and the dotted lines in this meander figure illustrate how th iris. and pupil member 5, so mounted maybe moved. or: shifted in order to bring about the proper alignment of the same with the corresponding and matching portion of the natural or remaining eye. ofv the user. When the proper adjustment for alignment has been obtained, the outline of the iris and pupil member 5, in its correct position, will be marked upon the outer surface portion 3 of the universal sclera member. The outline or proper position of the member 5 having been scratched or marked on the surface 3 of the member I before removing the latter from the eye socket, the parts I--3 and 5 may be. detached from one another, Washed off, and while so removed, they may be replaced together in their correct relative position indicated by the marking referred to, and finally permanently cemented together by means of any suitable transparent solvent, whereupon they Will be in the condition shown inFigure 8, creating the unitary artificial eye that may then be placed in the eye socket of the user for permanent use.

I now set forth a more preferred method of producing artificial eyes as contemplated Within my invention, which also utilizes, generally speaking, a universal sclera member such as shown in Figure 5. In this modified type of method, however, I employ a special and novel construction of iris and pupil unit which is shown best in Figures 3, 10, A, and 12. In conjunction with this particular form of iris and pupil unit, I will employ the sclera member of Figure 5 after its outer rounded surface has been ground 01f or cut off in the manner illustrated by the showin in Figure 9 of my drawing.

In the making of my presently to be described modified form of iris and pupil member as shown in Figures 10 and 10A, I have had particularly in mind that color matching is a tedious job unless both of the colors to be matched are placed in like position, because the sensation of color by conventional colorin materials results from the reflection of selective wave lengths in the visible portion of the spectrum. When the visible source is removed, the sensation of color is absent, and, as well known, black is not a color but really an absence of color. In the production of an artificial eye involving an artificial iris colorant 9 as shown in Figures 10 and 11, it has been found that magnification by the cornea section Ill external to the iris portion 9, in the finished product, lightens the color about three shades. In the human eye, part of the iris is covered by the eyelid more in some persons than others, thus cutting oif some of the light and giving the iris somewhat of a darker shade in the eye socket than in the hand, and this variation as found in the eyes of difierent persons is largely due to variable covering by the eyelid. True color matching should be done with the colored members of the artificial eye disposed in the natural eye socket thus minimizing the amount of skill and guesswork in the finished product.

Referrin now to Figures 10 to 12 of the drawings, Figure 10 shows the preferred iris and pupil unit ready to be attached to the universal sclera member I as the latter has been ground or fiattened off in the manner shown by Figure 9. Figure 11 is a rear view of the unit shown in Figure 10A. and illustrates certain radially extending indented grooves II which are molded in the rear or inner face portion of the cornea section ll! of the combinationmember, these-grooves being adapted to hold iris.materialas-indicated at 9, the portion or. the. material in the groovesv standing outfrom the rest of'said material 9to make a threes-dimensional iris. body of heavier pigmented iris coloring material 9 in the grooves I I, thus simulating the natural iris. Figure 12 illustrates primarily the pupil I2 which is-covered at its outer side by the cornea portion Ill previously referred to, and it will be noted that the pupil member I2 is comprised of a'body includin concentric set-backs lZa, or annular step portions in retreatin relation. Surrounding the pupil member I2 is an annularly recessed portion I3 in the body of the. member with which the pupil member per se is formed, and-said recess portion I3 near the periphery of the iris material -9 is inclined to the point where it merges into such periphery. Thebody member [4 from which the iris and pupil member structures are formed is virtually a continuous molding of black opaque material, and the recessed portion I3 is designed to hold the colored iris material 9, which latter is any suitable coloredmaterial for iris matching purposes. Preferably the material 9 may be translucent so that as light is reduced or distance increased, the concentric set-backs I2a of the pupil member I2 will gradually appear with concentric depth of the iris color about the enlarging step pupil I2 in concentric bands of color, so to speak.

In the natural human eye it is very common that the iris has three concentric color bands or areas; the inner band next to the pupil is dark but gradually getting lighter toward the center concentric band which is the lightest of the three; then we have the third or outer color band getting darker, or appearing darker, while the middle band appears to be getting darker as it merges into the third or outer band. The said third or outer color band extends outwardly and terminates into a darker ring about the iris and this dark rin blends into the off-white of the sclera I.

It is well known with regard to transparent glass, or plastic, which have been integrally dyed by suitable pigmentation processes rendering them translucent, that the thicker the plastic the deeper or darker appears the color, and of course such dyes in glass or plastic are deeper or darker in color when an opaque black back' ing sclera is applied thereto.

Thus, in the carrying out of the technique of my invention in making artificial eyes to duplicate natural eyes colors, primarily iris colors, of course, the outer surface of the hollow portion of the base of the pupil member I2, designated IS in Figure 10A will preferably have applied thereto a lighter pigment, such as purple, or slate, coloring in order to obtain the desired result since the blackness of the body material of the pupil member I2 and its mainbase portion, primarily the base portion, may be too deep to enable imitation of lighter colored eyes with most naturalistic effects; However, the black opaque body portion I4 of the pupil member is most suitable for dark eyes because when the iris coloring material 9 has been placed in the hollow portion I3, the. threecolor bands of the iris member constituted by' the material 9 may be obtained in themanner described above, with the naturalistic blending with the outer band of the darker color into the off-white of the sclera.

The translucent colored iris material 9 which I use is a composition of solvent for the thermoplastic employed in making the artificial eye,

into which is dissolved the sainei kind of thermoplastic having a dye of suitable color. The said dye or pigment is used with colored pearl essence. About four ounces of the pearl essence is added per gallon of the thermoplastic, and, if necessary, other suitable pigment may be used in the dyed dissolved thermoplastic preparatory to its incorporation in the artificial eye structure. Thermoplastics are in a state of rapid change and development, and what is intended by the above referred to same kind of thermoplastic is the compatibility of the two thermoplastics used. Some plastics are of course incompatible With each other, such as acrylic resin (methyl, methacrylate) and polystyrene, which are believed to be the most desirable plastics for the making of the artificial eye product described herein.

My artificial iris composition or material 9 is made of a consistency about that of paint, enabling it to enter the groove-like depressions II, and the solvent in the composition acts with the phenomenon of cohesion by its afilnity for the molded plastic, subsequently to be dissipated by the penetration and evaporation.

Various solvents suitable for each kind of plastic are available, also compound solvents, are on the market, any of which may be used.

Some pigment colors may of course be added to my iris material or thermoplastic, in order to better simulate the uneven coloring of the natural iris, which also has flicks or a veiled tremulous luster, and I use the dyed pearl essence in my composition primarily for simulation of such flicks and tremulous luster, said essence after being pigmented being naturalistically translucent. Ordinary dyed plastics are characteristically Lmiform in color, as well known, rendering them undesirable for making a naturalistic iris matching composition if used alone. The transparency of dye colors is very necessary for the optical illusion required for my purposes in producing the artificial eyes of the structure and type hereinbefore referred to. Such opaque pigment as may be used must therefore be employed with extreme care so that a translucent composition is obtained.

My iris colored material 9 has a double function, namely, that of coloring and welding. It is of course applied to the base or back member IQ of the pupil body member having the cavity I3, and fills the cavity I3 as well as the depressions or grooves II, lapping over the setbacks or concentric fiat retreating portions l2a of the pupil part I2 proper. The solvent con tained dye or coloring matter of the material 9 will thus blend into the adjacent outermost portion of the member I 4, at Mb, preventing the formation of any distinctive rings of contrasting color at this point of merging of the iris material 9 into the color area of the ofi-Whi-te sclera member I.

When the iris and pupil member or unit has been made in the manner above described, largely by the filling in of the material 9 on the base or back member of the pupil section, it is then united to the cornea member I after previous drying, by simply applying a small amount of the solvent material between the parts I 0, 9, and I2, and using such solvent matter as an adherent, which will suitably render the combined structure integral incident to the application of pressure to join the above members together.

From the foregoing it will be observed that ferred form of combined cornea; iris, and pupil member or unit as seen in Figure 10 of my drawing. For the application of this member to the sclera member I, as seen in Figure 5, it is necessary that the latter be ground off in the manner shown in Figure 9.0f my drawing. The grinding off may be performed by any suitable machine in order to provide a sufficiency of flat surface upon which the unit of Figure 10 may be. emplacecl, being properly alined by the technique of marking the sclera member I, before grinding off, by using a proper size (one of four difierent sizes) of iris and pupil member of the con'cavo-convex type seen in Figure 6. Such use of the concave iris and pupil member would not be for color matching but simply to enable proper marking of the sclera to obtain the proper alinement of the iris and pupil member 9l BI2 later to be applied to the iris I after it is ground ofi as shown in Figure 3. The iris and pupil member 9I0-I2 would be selected for size and color with great care to match the natural eye, and when finally united or welded to the fiat of the sclera I, as shown in Figure 3, will be self-alining.

The process of selecting for color the iris and pupilmember 9IGI2, for final attachment to the sclera member 3, would largely be that as described in regard to the members like that of Figures 5 and 6. In other words, after matching the member 9IGI2 for color with the natural eye has been obtained, with the sclera member I3 in the natural eye socket, temporary uniting of the sclera member I3 with the iris and pupil member would be effected while in the eye socket. Then the assembled parts would be removed from the socket and permanently fixed together according to technique set forth.

It is contemplated Within the scope of my invention that the muscle engaging arms 4 may be cupped at their innermost ends so as to fit over the muscle stumps in the socket of the natural eye removed for the application of my artificial eye.

It will be apparent to those skilled in the art that complete artificial eyes may be made with 1 a universal sclera member I, such as disclosed in.

Figures 1 to 3 of my drawings, with or without the muscle engaging members 4, and such might be used for either a left or a right eye. If the muscle engaging members 4 are employed, it would only be necessary to offset them to bring the iris and pupil unit into alignment with the 1 other remaining eye. Under such conditions, of I course, the color matching would be more difiicult. If the muscle engaging members i are not used, the sclera member I may be irregularly shaped to better hold it in the set place in the eye socket, as is now general practice in this art. Under these conditions, a larger stock of sclera members would have to be carried, but, obviously, I

the amount of the stock would be cut in half practically speaking, as compared with usual necessary stocks of left and right eyes according to 1 common practice.

One of the essential advantages of my invention will be quite evident when it is borne in mind that the colors or shades of colors for the iris unit can be applied thereto by using th coloring material 9, without special skill and with great speed, to better produce simulation of varied iris coloring. Thus, one color can be applied and wiped into the indented lines II as shown in Figure 10A; and a difierent color or shade of same appliedtorthe pupil base member part l4 and the i 9 concentric fiat 12a, or a different shade or color applied as a welding material to weld the parts of the iris and pupil unit together, thus affording wide variation for the simulation of the coloring so often found in the human eye.

Exemplifying the advantage of my present invention from the viewpoint of availability to carry a reduced amount or number of parts in stock, I will preferably use, in the carrying out of my invention, four universal sclera members l-3 for varying sizes of eyes; these sclera members will be of six different colors so that the total number of sclera members will be 24, thus far. By providing the sclera members in five patterns of vein lines, a total of 120 so-called eyeball or sclera members will only have to be kept in stock. Providing four colors of irises in 32 different shades, and combinations of shades, would supply 128 irises; these triplicated for three sizes of pupils would supply 384 combined iris and pupil units, and then providing these in three sizes of iris and pupil units would make a total of 1152 eye parts. By utilizing 1152 varying colored iris and pupil members, it is possible, with my present invention, to obtain a maximum of 138,240 different combinations of eye structures comprising the combined sclera and pupil and iris unit. Such a number of combinations would be entirely sufficient to make a personalized artificial eye of the requisite natural coloring to meet the requirements of all eye matching necessary at the present time in the art.

The cornea member It: may preferably be made with the separable section Ilia as seen in Figures 3, 10, and 10a, the two sections unified, however, in the finally completed eye, as well as united to the parts 5 and M.

It will be understood that it is within the purview and operative method of my invention to use, in lieu of the temporary iris and pupil member of Figure 6, an iris sized member of proper size to match the remaining human eye, applied to the outer rounded surface of the sclera member i-3, in order to obtain the alignment of the final iris and pupil unit of Figure 10. Such a proper sized iris member would subserve the objectives hereinbefore set forth. Also, it could be left in place until such time as it would rigidly adhere to the sclera member i3, then removed with that portion of the sclera member which it covers, as shown in Figure 9.

Having thus described my invention, what I claim as new and desire to secure by Letters Patent of the United States is:

1. An artificial eye structure comprising a hollow approximately semi-spherical body, and muscle stump engaging arms projecting inwardly therefrom and carried in the hollow part of the said body, the arms being free and spaced from the body at the ends remote from the body for engaging muscle stump in a human eye socket, the said body and arms being made of moldaole plastic, and the arms being parallel to the line of the axial center of the body and bendable when the structure is heated to enable precise fitting of the arms at their free ends against the muscle stumps.

2. The method of fitting artificial eyes, which includes temporarily mounting and connecting an iris and pupil member movably on and to a sclera body member, emplacing said connected parts in a human eye socket, then adjusting the iris and pupil member while so mounted and connected to aline the same Witha corresponding portion of the natural eye, and finally removing said connected parts from said eye socket and permanently attaching the iris and pupil member to thesclera member in properly alined position.

3. An artificial eye comprising a pupil base having a central plastic pupil member formed with surrounding concentric opaque portions set back with a stepped formation, and translucent material of iris color applied to the base and extending from and over the said concentric set back portions, whereby to give the effect of concentric color bands about the central pupil member.

4. An artificial eye as claimed in claim 3, in which the pupil base is formed around the pupil member and stepped portion with an annular recess of varying depth receiving the iris colored translucent material.

5. An artificial eye as claimed in claim 3, in which the pupil base is formed around the pupil member and stepped portion with an annular recess of varying depth receiving the iris colored translucent material, and the bottom of which recess is dark colored.

6. An artificial eye as claimed in claim 3, in which the pupil base is formed around the pupil member and stepped portion with an annular recess portion of varying depth receiving the iris colored translucent material, the said recess portion having its surface dark colored and sloping from its central annular portion forwardly to a point of mergence with the step backs around the pupil member, and to an annulus portion of about the diameter of the iris material area.

7. An artificial eye, as claimed in claim 3, combined with a transparent cornea member at the front of and covering the pupil member and translucent iris material.

8. An artificial eye as claimed in claim 3, in which the iris colored material includes pearl essence.

9. An artificial eye as claimed in claim 3, in which the iris colored material includes pearl essence, and a plastic, the plastic of the pupil member being compatible with that of the iris material.

10. The method of fitting artificial eyes, which includes movably mounting an iris and pupil sized member on and to a sclera body member emplaced in a human'eye socket, moving the iris and pupil sized member on the sclera member to bring it to proper alinement with the other eye, removing the sclera member from the eye socket, then removing that portion of the sclera member opposite to and occupied by the iris and pupil sized member, and applying a suitably colored eye matching iris and pupil member to the sclera member and unifying it to the sclera member to replace theremoved portion.

11. The method of fitting an artificial eye, which includes emplacing in a human eye socket a sclera member having a rounded outer surface and fitting said socket, applying to said sclera member while so emplaced an iris sized member matching the size of the iris of a remaining human eye, moving the iris sized member on the sclera member to aline it properly with the iris of said remaining human eye, removing the sclera member from the eye socket, then removing that portion of the outer surface of the sclera member opposite to and occupied by the previously adjustable iris sized member, and applying a suitably colored remaining human eye matching iris and pupil member to the sclera member and removed portion.

References Cited in the file of this patent UNITED STATES PATENTS Name Date Boissonneau June 19, 1866 Borsch May 17, 1892 Muller July 17, 1906 Bourdeaux May 31, 1921 Marcus June 10, 1930 Travers Mar. 5, 1935 .Ubben Feb. 9, 1937 Fields et a1. Aug. 8, 1939 Dimitry June 15, 1943 Galeski Dec. 18, 1945 "12 OTHER REFERENCES Making Plastic Artificial Eyes, by J. H. Prince, from The Optician for February 16, 1945, vol. CIX, No. 2812, pp. 37-40. A copy is available in Div. 55 of the Patent Omce.

Artificial Eyes, Hygeia, vol. 28, No. 5, May 1945 pages 356-359 (see page 356).

Eye Replacement by Acrylic Maxillofacial Prosthesis, Lt. Commander Phelps J. Murphey et al., The Military Surgeon, June 1945; pages 469-478 (see pages 474-475). 

